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კლიმატური პირობების ცვლილებებით გამძაფრებული სეზონური ალერგია

თარიღი: 01 აპრილი, 2022

ალერგიისა და იმუნოლოგიის ცენტრის აერობიოლოგიური სამსახურის მთავარი სპეციალისტი ნათია ჩიხელიძე 

სეზონური ალერგიის  სიმპტომები  ანემოფილურ (ქარით დამტვერვად) მცენარეებს უკავშირდება. ანემოფილური მცენარეები ხასიათდებიან მტვრის მარცვლების მაღალი პროდუქტიულობით, რომლებიც ჰაერის მასებით ვრცელდება ათეულობით კილომეტრზე, ამიტომ პოლინოზის მქონე პაციენტი ალერგიულმა სიმპტომებმა შესაძლოა შეაწუხოს ისეთ ადგილებშიც კი,  სადაც სიახლოვეს ეს მცენარეები შესაძლოა არც  იყოს.

რომელ  მცენარეებს უკავშირდება პოლინოზის სიმპტომები ადრე გაზაფხულის პერიოდში?

ადრე გაზაფხულის პერიოდში პოლინოზის სიმპტომებს იწვევენ ადრე მოყვავილე ხემცენარეთა გვარები: Corylus- თხილი, Alnus-მურყანი, Cupressus-კვიპაროსი, Ulmus-თელა, Fraxinus-იფანი, Populus-ვერხვი და სხვა. ამ ჯგუფში ყველაზე მაღალი ალერგენული თვისებებით გამოირჩევა Cupressus-კვიპაროსი და განსაკუთრებით საყურადღებოა.

გვარი Cupressus L-კვიპაროსი, მარადმწვანე ხეების და იშვიათად ბუჩქების გვარია კვიპაროსისებრთა ოჯახიდან. საქართველოში კვიპაროსი ბუნებრივად არაა გავრცელებული, თუმცა ფართოდ გამოიყენება ლანდშაფტის გამწვანებაში და დარგულია ფერდობებზე, ქალაქის რეკრეაციულ ზონებში, ტყე პარკებში, დასახლებულ უბნებში, ქარსაცავ ზოლებში და ა.შ.

საქართველოში კვიპაროსებიდან ყველაზე დიდი რაოდენობით დარგულია მარადმწვანე კვიპაროსი (Cupressus sempervirens L). ვარჯის ფორმის მიხედვით, გვხდება მისი ჰორიზონტალური (Cupressus sempervirens f. horizontalis Mill.) და პირამიდული (Cupressus sempervirens f. pyramidalis Targ.) ფორმები. შედარებით მცირე რაოდენობით გვხდება არიზონის კვიპაროსი (Cupressus arizonica Greene), ჰიმალაური კვიპაროსი (Cupressus torulosa D.Don) და სხვა სახეობები.

როდის ხდება კვიპაროსის გვარის სახეობების დამტვერვა?

კვიპაროსის გვარის სახეობების დამტვერვის პერიოდი მოიცავს თებერვლის დასაწყისიდან  აპრილის ბოლომდე პერიოდს. მტვრის მარცვლები ყველაზე მაღალი კონცენტრაციით კი უმეტესად თებერვლის ბოლოდან აპრილის შუა რიცხვებამდე ფიქსირდება. დამტვერვის პერიოდის დაწყებაზე გავლენას ახდენს მიმდინარე წლის ზამთრის კლიმატი, ხოლო დამტვერვის ხანგრძლივობაზე და მტვრის მარცვლების პროდუქტიულობაზე მიმდინარე წლის ზამთრის და გაზაფხულის კლიმატი.

 

წლევანდელი მონაცემების მიხედვით კვიპაროსის გვარის სახეობებმა დამტვერვა დაიწყო შედარებით ადრე, თებერვლის დასაწყისში (თბილი ზამთრის გავლენით) და თებერვლის ბოლოსკენ მტვრის მარცვლების კონცენტრაცია მაღალ ნიშნულზე დაფიქსირდა. თუმცა მარტის თვის უჩვეულო კლიმატმა (თოვლის და დაბალი ტემპერატურის გავლენამ,  რაც ერთგვარი სტრესია მცენარისთვის) დროებით შეაჩერა მტვრის მარცვლების აქტიურად წარმოქმნის და გავრცელების პროცესი, ამიტომ მტვრის მარცვლების კონცენტრაცია საშუალო ნიშნულზე ფიქსირდებოდა. რადგან უკვე ტემპერატურამ მოიმატა კონცენტრაცია კვლავ გაიზარდა და მაღალ ნიშნულზე გადმოინაცვლა. არასტაბილური კლიმატის გავლენით  დამტვერვის პერიოდიც დროში გახანგრძლივდება და  მოსალოდნელია მტვრის მარცვლები მაისის დასაწყისამდეც კი დაფიქსირდეს ჰაერის მასებში.

 

კვიპაროსს ახასიათებს მტვრის მარცვლების მაღალი პროდუქტიულობა, რომლებიც ქარით ვრცელდება ათეულობით კილომეტრზე. მტვრის მარცვლების დიამეტრია 24-32µm(მკმ), ამიტომ შეუიარაღებელი თვალით მათი დანახვა შეუძლებელია (მიკროსკოპული კვლევით ხდება იდენტიფიცირება). მტვრის მარცვლები შეიცავენ დიდი რაოდენობით ალერგენულ ცილებს. კვიპაროსის ალერგენულობის კოეფიციენტი მაქსიმალურია, 5 ბალიანი შეფასების სისტემაში შეადგენს 5-ს. როდესაც მტვრის მარცვლების კონცენტრაცია აღწევს სარისკო ნიშნულს, ალერგიულ ადამიანებს უვითარდებათ პოლინოზის საკმაოდ მძიმე ფორმა.

 

რა  უნდა გაითვალისწინოს პოლინოზის მქონე პაციენტმა?

უშუალოდ ყვავილობის დროს სასურველია ალერგიულმა ადამიანმა გაითვალისწინოს შემდეგი მითითებები:

• მოერიდოს ბუნებაში გასვლას და შენობის გარეთ ყოფნას იმ დროს როცა მაღალია ყვავილის მტვრის მარცვლების კონცენტრაცია. განსაკუთრებით მშრალ, მზიან და ქარიან ამინდში.

• ტრანსპორტით მგზავრობის დროს ფანჯრები დახუროს ბოლომდე.

• სახლში მისვლისთანავე მიიღოს შხაპი და გამოიცვალოს ტანსაცმელი.

• დროულად მიმართოს ექიმ ალერგოლოგს სწორი და ეფექტური მკურნალობისთვის.