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თარიღი: 23 მაისი, 2022

ალერგიისა და იმუნოლოგიის ცენტრის აერობიოლოგიური სამსახურის მთავარი სპეციალისტი ნათია ჩიხელიძე 

 

გაზაფხულზე, თბილი და ქარიანი ამინდების დადგომასთან ერთად, ერთ-ერთ აქტუალურ საკითხს წარმოადგენს ე.წ. „ბუსუსების” გავრცელება ჰაერში.

 

რას წარმოადგენენ ე.წ.„ბუსუსები”? „თეთრი ბუსუსები”- რომლებიც ჰაერში დაფრინავენ, ვერხვის (Populus) გვარის სახეობების: ჩვეულებრივი, იგივე მთრთოლავი ვერხვის (Populus tremula L.), ოფის (Populus nigra L.), ალვის ხის (Populus pyramidalis Salisb.) და სხვა სახეობების აბრეშუმისებრი ბეწვებია,  რომლებიც ეხმარება თესლს გავრცელებაში.

„ყავისფერი ბუსუსები” კი - ჭადრის (Platanus) გვარის სახეობების: აღმოსავლური ჭადრის (Platanus orientalis L.) და სხვა სახეობების თესლზე დამაგრებული წარმონაქმნია, რომლის საშუალებითაც ჰაერის მასებით თესლი ადვილად ვრცელდება.

 

როდესაც მცენარეს „ბუსუსები” უჩნდება, ეს უკვე მისი თესლის მომწიფების ფაზაზე მეტყველებს და არა ყვავილობაზე. ალერგიის გამოწვევის უნარი კი ახასიათებს მტვრის მარცვლებს, რომლებიც ყვავილობის ფაზაში წარმოიქმნება და ადამიანებისთვის შეუიარაღებელი თვალით მათი დანახვა შეუძლებელია (მიკროსკოპული კვლევით ხდება იდენტიფიცირება). აღსანიშნავია ისიც რომ, ამ ხემცენარეების მტვრის მარცვლები მაღალი ალერგენული თვისებებით არ გამოირჩევიან (ვერხვის გვარის სახეობებისთვის ალერგენულობის კოეფიციენტი შეადგენს 2-ს, ხოლო ჭადრის შემთხვევაში 3-ს, მაქსიმალური 5 ბალიანი შეფასების სისტემიდან). ვერხვის გვარის სახეობების შემთხვევაში ყვავილობის პერიოდი დაახლოებით მარტის დასაწყისიდან აპრილის შუა რიცხვებამდე გრძელდება. ჭადრის შემთხვევაში კი აპრილის დასაწყისიდან აპრილის ბოლომდე. ამიტომ მაისის თვიდან (თესლის გავრცელების დროს, როცა უკვე „ბუსუსები” დაფრინავენ) ეს ხემცენარეები ალერგიის გამომწვევები აღარ არიან. „ბუსუსები” წარმოადგენენ მხოლოდ მექანიკურ გამღიზიანებლებს, როგორც ალერგიულ ისე არაალერგიულ პირებში.

 

ამ პერიოდში დამტვერვას განიცდის ერთ-ერთი მაღალი ალერგენული თვისებების მქონე ბალახოვანი მცენარეების ოჯახი Poaceae-მარცვლოვნები და სეზონური ალერგიის სიმპტომები სწორედ მარცვლოვნების მტვრის მარცვლებს უკავშირდება, რომლებიც შეუიარაღებელი თვალით უხილავია.

 

მცენარის რომელ გვარებს აერთიანებს ოჯახი Poaceae-მარცვლოვნები?

მარცვლოვნები (ოჯახი Paoceae), მრავალფეროვანი ოჯახია, მოიცავს მცენარის შემდეგ გვარებს: თივაქასრა (გვარი Poa) , წივანა (გვ.Festuca), ნამიკრეფია  (გვ.Agrostis), ტიმოთელა (გვ. Phleum.),  კოინდარი (გვ. Lolium), ხორბალი (გვ. Triticum), ქერი (გვ. Hordeum.), შვრია (გვ.Avena) და  სხვა.

ამ ოჯახში შედის როგორც კულტურული, ასევე ველურად გავრცელებული მარცვლოვნები (რომლებსაც მოსახლეობა უფრო ბალახების სახელით იცნობს). კულტურული მარცვლოვნები (ხორბალი, ქერი და ა.შ.)  ნათესების სახით არის წარმოდგენილი, ხოლო ველური მარცვლოვნები ხშირად გამოიყენება ეზოების გამწვანებაში (უმეტესად კოინდარი - გვარი Lolium). დანარჩენი ველური მარცვლოვნები (ბალახები) გავრცელებულია სათიბ-საძოვრებზე, გზის პირებზე, ტყის პირებში და ზოგადად, ბალახოვანი მცენარეულობის გაბატონებულ ჯგუფს წარმოადგენს. 

 

როდის ხდება მარცვლოვნების გვარებში შემავალი სახეობების დამტვერვა?

მარცვლოვნების გვარებში შემავალი სახეობები მონაცვლეობით ყვავილობენ, ამიტომ მარცვლოვნების დამტვერვის პერიოდი, საშუალოდ მოიცავს პერიოდს აპრილის ბოლოდან სექტემბრის შუა რიცხვებამდე. მტვრის მარცვლები ყველაზე მაღალი კონცენტრაციით კი ძირითადად მაისის შუა რიცხვებიდან ივლისის ჩათვლით ფიქსირდება. დამტვერვის დაწყებაზე და დასრულებაზე გავლენას ახდენს მიმდინარე წლის  კლიმატური პირობები.

წლევანდელი მონაცემების მიხედვით მარცვლოვნებმა დამტვერვა დაიწყო შედარებით ადრე, აპრილის შუა რიცხვებიდან და მაისის პირველ რიცხვებში უკვე მიაღწია მაღალ ნიშნულს. მაისის ბოლოდან მოსალოდნელია, რომ ძალიან მაღალი (პიკური) მაჩვენებლით დაფიქსირდეს და ამიტომ განსაკუთრებით საყურადღებოა.

მარცვლოვნები ანემოფილურ (ქარით დამტვერავ) მცენარეთა ჯგუფს მიეკუთვნება, ამიტომ მათი მტვრის მარცვლები ქარით იფანტება ათეულობით კილომეტრზეც კი. მტვრის მარცვლების დიამეტრია 20-100µm(მკმ), (ველური მარცვლოვნების მტვრის მარცვლები შედარებით პატარაა, კულტურულის კი უფრო დიდი ზომის). მათი დანახვა შეუიარაღებელი თვალით შეუძლებელია, იდენტიფიცირება ხდება მიკროსკოპის საშუალებით. მტვრის მარცვლები შეიცავენ ალერგენულ ცილებს. მათი ალერგენულობის კოეფიციენტი მაქსიმალურია, 5 ბალიანი შეფასების სისტემაში შეადგენს 5-ს. ალერგენული თვისებებით მდელოს ტიმოთელა (Phleum pratense L.) გამოირჩევა. როდესაც მტვრის მარცვლების კონცენტრაცია აღწევს სარისკო ნიშნულს, ალერგიულ ადამიანებს უვითარდებათ პოლინოზის მძიმე სიმპტომები. ვისაც  დადასტურებული აქვს მარცვლოვნების მტვრის მარცვლების მიმართ ალერგია, მზიან და ქარიან ამინდში განსაკუთრებით უნდა მოერიდოს გარეთ ყოფნას, რადგან ასეთ ამინდში ყველაზე მეტად იზრდება ჰაერში  მტვრის მარცვლების კონცენტრაცია.