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ავშანი - მაღალი ალერგენული თვისებების მქონე მცენარის გვარი | ჯანმრთელობა | vidal.ge
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ავშანი - მაღალი ალერგენული თვისებების მქონე მცენარის გვარი

თარიღი: 15 ოქტომბერი, 2021

რა უნდა ვიცოდეთ ავშნის გვარის სახეობრივი მრავალფეროვნებისა და მათი  მაღალი ალერგენული თვისებების შესახებ? - ალერგიისა და იმუნოლოგიის ცენტრის აერობიოლოგიური სამსახურის მთავარი სპეციალისტი ნათია ჩიხელიძე

ყვავილობის პერიოდში იმყოფება ერთ-ერთი მაღალი ალერგენული თვისებების მქონე მცენარის გვარი  Artemisia-ავშანი.

 

ავშნის (Artemisia L.) გვარის წარმომადგენლები მრავალწლოვანი, იშვიათად ერთწლოვანი, ნახევრად ბუჩქის მაგვარი მცენარეებია რთულყვავილოვანთა (Asteraceae) ოჯახიდან. უახლესი მონაცემების მიხედვით (Global Biodiversity Information Facility /GBIF/ ), მსოფლიო მასშტაბით გვარი აერთიანებს 750-მდე ტაქსონს (სახეობას, ქვესახეობას და ვარიაციას).

 

საქართველოში ავშნის გვარის 13 სახეობაა გავრცელებული. ეს სახეობებია: Artemisia absinthium L.-აბზინდა, Artemisia annua  L.-უჯანგარი, Artemisia cina Berg.-ხოროსანი, Artemisia fragrans Willd-ავშანი, Artemisia vulgaris L.-მამულა, Artemisia splendens Willd-გიეში და სხვა. ავშნის გვარის სახეობები ვრცელდებიან როგორც დასავლეთ, ისე აღმოსავლეთ საქართველოში, თუმცა, ავშნის სახეობრივი მრავალფეროვნება აღმოსავლეთ საქართველოში უფრო მაღალია. ავშნის სხვადასხვა სახეობისგან შექმნილი მცენარეული დაჯგუფებები ანუ ავშნიანები დამახასიათებელია აღმოსავლეთ საქართველოს მშრალი სტეპების და ნახევარუდაბნოებისთვის. გავრცელების თვალსაზრისით ავშნიანები ფართოდ არის წარმოდგენილი თბილისის, რუსთავის, მარნეულის, ბოლნისის, საგარეჯოს და დედოფლისწყაროს შემოგარენში.

 

ავშნის გვარის სახეობები მონაცვლეობით ყვავილობენ, ამიტომ მათი ყვავილობის პერიოდი ხანგრძლივია და საშუალოდ მოიცავს აგვისტოს შუა რიცხვებიდან ნოემბრის შუა რიცხვებამდე პერიოდს. მტვრის მარცვლები ყველაზე მაღალი მაჩვენებლით კი სექტემბრის შუა რიცხვებიდან ოქტომბრის ბოლომდე ფიქსირდება. ყვავილობის დაწყებაზე, მტვრის მარცვლების პროდუქტიულობაზე და დამტვერვის დასრულებაზე გავლენას ახდენს მიმდინარე წლის კლიმატური პირობები.

 

ავშნის გვარის შემადგენლობაში შემავალი სახეობები გამოირჩევიან მტვრის მარცვლების მაღალი პროდუქტიულობით, რომელიც ყვავილობის პერიოდში ქარის მასებით ვრცელდება საკმაოდ შორ მანძილზე (ათეულობით კილომეტრზეც კი). მტვრის მარცვლები მათი მცირე ზომების გამო შეუიარაღებელი თვალით უხილავია, კვლევა ხდება მიკროსკოპის საშუალებით. მათი დიამეტრია 20-25 µm (მიკრომეტრი). მტვრის მარცვლები შეიცავენ ალერგიის გამომწვევ ცილის მოლეკულებს, მათი ალერგენულობის კოეფიციენტი 5 ბალიანი შეფასების სისტემაში შეადგენს 4-ს. ალერგენული თვისებებით მამულა (A. vulgaris) გამოირჩევა. ჯანმრთელი ადამიანის ორგანიზმი შეგუებულია ამ მცენარეთა მტვრის მარცვლებს და მასზე არ რეაგირებს, თუმცა არიან ალერგიული ადამიანები რომელთა ორგანიზმიც ყვავილის მტვრის მარცვლებს აღიქვამს როგორც საფრთხეს, ცდილობს მათ მოცილებას და განსაკუთრებით მაშინ, როდესაც მტვრის მარცვლების კონცენტრაცია აღწევს სარისკო ნიშნულს მათ უვითარდებათ სხვადასხვა სირთულის პოლინოზი - სეზონური ხასიათის ალერგიული დაავადება, რომელიც განპირობებულია სხვადასხვა მცენარეების მტვრის მარცვლების მიმართ მომატებული მგრძნობელობით.

 

ყვავილის მტვრის მარცვლების კონცენტრაცია განსაკუთრებით იზრდება მზიან და ქარიან ამინდში, წვიმიან ამინდში კი პირიქით (ნიადაგის ზედაპირზე დალექვის გამო) მცირდება და ნაკლებად შემაწუხებელია ალერგიის მქონე პაციენტებისთვის.

 

 უშუალოდ ყვავილობის დროს სასურველია ალერგიულმა ადამიანმა გაითვალისწინოს შემდეგი მითითებები:

- მოერიდოს ბუნებაში გასვლას და შენობის გარეთ ყოფნას იმ დროს, როცა მაღალია ყვავილის მტვრის მარცვლების კონცენტრაცია. განსაკუთრებით მშრალ, მზიან და ქარიან ამინდში.

- ტრანსპორტით მგზავრობისას ფანჯრები დახუროს ბოლომდე და გამოიყენოს კონდიციონერი.

- სახლში მისვლისთანავე მიიღოს შხაპი და გამოიცვალოს ტანსაცმელი.

- დროულად მიმართოს ექიმ-ალერგოლოგს სწორი და ეფექტური მკურნალობისთვის.