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მაღალ ალერგენული თვისებების მქონე სარეველა მცენარის გვარი-ამბროზია ყვავილობის პერიოდი

ყვავილობის პერიოდი
თარიღი: 05/09/2023

ყვავილობის აქტიურ (პიკურ) პერიოდში იმყოფება მაღალი ალერგენული თვისებების მქონე  სარეველა მცენარის გვარი-ამბროზია.

გვარი Ambrosia L.-ამბროზია აერთიანებს ერთწლოვან და მრავალწლოვან მცენარეებს რთულყვავილოვანთა ოჯახიდან. ამბროზია საქართველოს ფლორის ადგილობრივი წარმომადგენელი არ არის (ინვაზიური მცენარეა, რომელიც ევროპის ტერიტორიაზე და შემდეგ კავკასიაშიც გავრცელდა ჩრდილოეთ ამერიკიდან). გვარში შემავალი სახეობებიდან საქართველოში გვხვდება 2 სახეობა: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.-ავშანფოთოლა ამბროზია და Ambrosia trifida L.-სამნაკვთიანი ამბროზია. აღნიშნული სახეობები ფართოდაა გავრცელებული როგორც დასავლეთ, ისე აღმოსავლეთ საქართველოში. გვხვდება მიტოვებულ სასოფლო-სამეურნეო სავარგულებზე, გზების და მდინარეების პირებზე, რუდერალურ ადგილებში, საძოვრებზე და სხვა. უპირატესად ვრცელდება ანთროპოგენულ ლანდშაფტებზე, ზღვის დონიდან მთის შუა სარტყლამდე (0 - 1000 მ ზღ.დ.-დან). დიდი ზომის პოპულაციები გვხვდება: კოლხეთის დაბლობზე, დაბალმთიან აჭარაში, ქვემო და შიდა ქართლში დაბლობებზე და მთისწინებზე, სამცხე-ჯავახეთში - ახალციხის და ადიგენის შემოგარენში, თბილისის შემოგარენში, კახეთის ბარში.

 

როდის ხდება ამბროზიის გვარის სახეობების დამტვერვა?

ამბროზიის ყვავილობის  პერიოდი საშუალოდ მოიცავს აგვისტოს შუა რიცხვებიდან სექტემბრის ბოლომდე პერიოდს. ყვავილის მტვრის მარცვლები ყველაზე მაღალი კონცენტრაციით უმეტესად აგვისტოს ბოლოდან სექტემბრის შუა რიცხვებამდე ფიქსირდება. ყვავილობის დაწყებაზე, მტვრის მარცვლების პროდუქტიულობაზე და დამტვერვის დასრულებაზე გავლენას ახდენს მიმდინარე წლის კლიმატური პირობები.

ჩვენი კვლევის შედეგების მიხედვით კლიმატის გლობალური დათბობის ფონზე ბოლო წლებში გახანგრძლივდა მცენარეთა ყვავილობის პერიოდები, მოიმატა ასევე ყვავილის მტვრის მარცვლების პროდუქტიულობამ რაც პოლინოზის (სეზონური ალერგიის) გამწვავებაზეც აისახა.

წლევანდელი მონაცემების მიხედვით ამბროზიამ ყვავილობა დაიწყო ივლისის ბოლოდან და აგვისტოს ბოლოსკენ მიაღწია ძალიან მაღალ (პიკურ) მაჩვენებელს რაც განსაკუთრებით საყურადღებოა.

ამბროზია გამოირჩევა მტვრის მარცვლების მაღალი პროდუქტიულობით, რომელიც  ქარით ვრცელდება საკმაოდ შორ მანძილზე (ათეულობით კილომეტრზეც კი). მტვრის მარცვლების დანახვა შეუიარაღებელი თვალით შეუძლებელია. მათი დიამეტრია 17-22µm (მიკრომეტრი), იდენტიფიცირება ხდება მიკროსკოპის საშუალებით. მტვრის მარცვლები შეიცავენ ალერგიის გამომწვევ ცილებს. მცენარის ალერგენულობის კოეფიციენტი მაქსიმალურია. 5 ბალიანი შეფასების სისტემაში შეადგენს 5. როდესაც მტვრის მარცვლების კონცენტრაცია აღწევს სარისკო ნიშნულს ალერგიული ადამიანების თვალის ლორწოვან გარსზე  და სასუნთქ სისტემაში მოხვედრისას იწვევს ალერგიულ დაავადებებს.  

ვისაც დადასტურებული აქვს ამბროზიის მტვრის მარცვლებზე ალერგია  განსაკუთრებით მზიან და ქარიან ამინდში (12.00 -18.00 საათამდე ) უნდა მოერიდოს გარეთ ყოფნას, რადგან ასეთ ამინდში ყველაზე მეტად იზრდება ჰაერში მტვრის მარცვლების კონცენტრაცია.