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ალერგია, გენეტიკა და ალერგიის განვითარების რისკ ფაქტორები | ჯანმრთელობა | vidal.ge
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ალერგია, გენეტიკა და ალერგიის განვითარების რისკ ფაქტორები

თარიღი: 25 აგვისტო, 2022

ალერგიული მდგომარეობები ძალიან ხშირია თანამედროვე საზოგადოებაში. ალერგიის გავრცელების მომატებული ტენდენცია ბადებს კითხვევბს, რათა მოხდეს ამ დაავადებების პრევენცია და მართვა.

 

ალერგიული მდგომარეობები

არსებობს რამდენიმე ალერგიული მდგომარეობა, რომლებიც ხშირად ჯგუფდება ალერგიასა და გენეტიკას შორის კავშირის განხილვისას, ესენია - ასთმა, ატოპიური ეგზემა, პოლინოზი (მცენარეული ალერგია), მედიკამენუტური ალერგია ან კვებითი ალერგია. როგორც ჩანს, ეს მდგომარეობები დაკავშირებულია ინდივიდის გენეტიკური მგრძნობელობის თვალსაზრისით.
ალერგოლოგიაში ხშირად შეხვდებით ტერმინს „ატოპიური მარში“, რომელიც ალერგიული დაავადებების განვითრების გზას მოიცავს. მაგალითად, ბავშვებს შეიძლება თავდაპირველად განუვითარდეთ ატოპიური ეგზემა, შემდეგ ეს მგომარეობა გაქრეს, და უკვე სასკოლო ასაკისთვის განვითარდეს ალერგიული რინიტი, ხოლო სტუდენტობის წლებისთვის კი რინიტს მოჰყვეს ბრონქული ასთმა. ზოგიერთ ბავშვს შეიძლება რამდენიმე ალერგიული მდგომარეობა ჰქონდეს ერთად და შეინარჩუნდეს მთელი სიცოცხლის განმავლობაში, ან ნაწილი მდგომარეოებებისა გაქრეს და ნაწილი დარჩეს.

კვლევებმა აჩვენებს, რომ აშშ-ში მცხოვრებთა დაახლოებით ნახევარი მგრძნობიარეა სულ მცირე ერთი ალერგენის მიმართ. ასევე გაერთიანებულ სამეფოში ბავშვების ნახევარს დაუდგინდა ალერგიული დაავადებების მინიმუმ ერთი ფორმა, როგორიცაა ასთმა, ატოპიური ეგზემა, ალერგიული რინიტი ან კვებითი ალერგია. მიუხედავად იმისა, რომ ალერგიული რეაქციების უმეტესობა მსუბუქია, ზოგი ხელს უწყობს მომავალში ასთმის ან კვებითი ან მედიკამენტური ალერგიის განვითარებას და შეიძლება გახდეს ძალიან სერიოზული და სიცოცხლისთვის საშიშიც კი.

 

ოჯახური ბმული (კავშირი)

ზოგიერთი ოჯახი უფრო მეტად განიცდის ალერგიულ დაავადებებს, ვიდრე სხვები. ამიტომ, ამ ოჯახებში დაბადებულ ბავშვებს ხშირად აქვთ ალერგიული მდგომარეობის განვითარების მაღალი რისკი. ითვლება, რომ ალერგიული დაავადებების განვითარების ოჯახურ ტენდენციას აქვს გენეტიკური კავშირი, რომელიც ცნობილია როგორც ატოპიური.

დადგენილია, რომ ატოპიური ოჯახებში დაბადებული ბავშვების ნახევარზე მეტს განუვითარდება ალერგიული დაავადება, მაშინ როცა ბავშვების სიხშირე, რომლებსაც არ აქვთ ალერგიული დაავადების ოჯახური ისტორია, არის ხუთიდან ერთი. რისკი კიდევ უფრო იზრდება იმ ოჯახებისთვის, სადაც ორივე მშობელი ალერგიულია.

აღსანიშნავია, რომ ბავშვებს ყოველთვის არ უვითარდებათ ისეთივე ალერგიული მდგომარეობა, როგორც ოჯახის სხვა წევრებს.

 

სხვა ფაქტორები

ატოპიური ოჯახებში დაბადებულ ყველა ბავშვს არ განუვითარდება ალერგია და ზოგიერთ ბავშვს, რომელსაც არ აქვს ალერგიის ოჯახური ისტორია, განუვითარდება ალერგიული მდგომარეობა. ამიტომ, გენეტიკა არ შეიძლება იყოს ალერგიის ერთადერთი მიზეზი და, სავარაუდოდ, სხვა ფაქტორები მონაწილეობენ ალერგიის განვითარებაში.

სხვა ფაქტორები, რომლებიც დაკავშირებულია ალერგიასთან, დაკავშირებულია გარემო ფაქტორებსა და ცხოვრების წესსთან, მათ შორის:

 

კვამლის/გამონაბბოლქვის ზემოქმედება, ჰაერის დაბინძურება

გლობალური დათბობა

ურბანიზაცია

ვირუსული ინფექციები

ფერმის ცხოველებისა და პროდუქტების ზემოქმედება

შინაური ცხოველები (განსაკუთრებით მათი გვიან ასაკში შეძენა)

ვაქცინაციები და მედიკამენტები

არაჯანსაღი კვება

თითოეულმა ამ ფაქტორმა შეიძლება ითამაშოს დიდი როლი ალერგიის პათოგენეზში, განსაკუთრებით იმ პირებისთვის, რომლებსაც აქვთ გენეტიკური მიდრეკილება ამ მდგომარეობის მიმართ.

 

ზოგიერთი ფაქტორის განხილვა

გაზაფხულზე ყვავილოვანი ხეებიდან, ბალახებიდან და ყვავილებიდან ჰაერში შეწოვილი მტვერი მთელ მსოფლიოს მაშტაბით მილიონობით ადამიანში ალერგიის შეტევებს იწვევს. ბოლოდროინდელმა კვლევამ აჩვენა, რომ კლიმატის ცვლილებამ შესაძლოა ზოგიერთს კიდევ უფრო გააუარესოს სიტუაცია მტვრის სეზონის გახანგრძლივების გამო.

ალერგიისადმი მიდრეკილება - არა მხოლოდ მტვრის, არამედ მწერების ნაკბენის, ძაღლებისა და კატების ქერქის ან ობის მიმართ - ნაწილობრივ გენეტიკურია. თუმცა გარემო ასევე მნიშვნელოვან როლს თამაშობს ალერგიის განვითარებაში. მაგალითად, გასულს წელს პანდემიის დროს ნიღბის ტარებამ, შეამცირა ზოგიერთი ალერგიის სიმპტომების ისრაელში ჩატარებული ბოლო კვლევის მიხედვით.